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1 a man of superficial understanding
Макаров: человек неглубокого умаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > a man of superficial understanding
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2 man of superficial understanding
Макаров: человек неглубокого умаУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > man of superficial understanding
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3 superficial
1. a поверхностный, неглубокий2. a поверхностный, несерьёзный, неосновательный3. a внешний, кажущийся4. a геол. наносный, аллювиальный5. a спец. двухмерныйСинонимический ряд:1. cursory (adj.) cosmetic; cursory; facile; one-dimensional; shoal; sketchy; skin-deep; surface; uncritical2. empty (adj.) delusive; dishonest; empty; hollow; hypocritical; insincere; lone; tame3. frivolous (adj.) frivolous; silly; trite4. seeming (adj.) apparent; ostensible; outward; seeming5. shallow (adj.) depthless; desultory; exterior; external; flimsy; perfunctory; shallow; trivialАнтонимический ряд:basic; deep; deep-seated; profound; substantial; thorough -
4 superficial
[͵s(j)u:pəʹfıʃ(ə)l] a1. поверхностный, неглубокий2. поверхностный, несерьёзный, неосновательныйsuperficial book - несерьёзная /неглубокая/ книга
superficial pastimes - легкомысленные /пустые/ развлечения
superficial knowledge [learning] - поверхностные знания [-ое обучение /образование/]
superficial glance - поверхностный /беглый/ взгляд
after superficial reading he... - после того, как он бегло прочёл /просмотрел/...
3. внешний, кажущийся4. геол. наносный, аллювиальный5. спец. двухмерный -
5 superficial
[ˌs(j)uːpə'fɪʃ(ə)l]прил.1) внешний, неглубокий, поверхностныйThe examination was very short and superficial. — Осмотр был очень коротким и поверхностным.
Syn:Ant:2) кажущийся, мнимыйsuperficial difference / similarity — мнимое различие / сходство
3) геол. аллювиальный, наносный4) двухмерный -
6 superficial
[ˌsju:pəˈfɪʃəl]səthi, üzdən, yüngül; superficial wound yüngül yara; a man of superficial understanding dayaz düşüncəli adam -
7 superficial
ˌsju:pəˈfɪʃəl прил.
1) внешний, неглубокий, поверхностный (тж. в переносном смысле - о знаниях и т.д.) Syn: surface, perfunctory, flat, obvious, shallow cursory Ant: deep, genuine, profound
2) геол. аллювиальный, наносный поверхностный, неглубокий - * wound неглубокое ранение поверхностный, несерьезный, неосновательный - * book несерьезная /неглубокая/ книга - a man of * understanding человек неглубокого ума - * pastimes легкомысленные /пустые/ развлечения - * knowledge поверхностные знания - * glance поверхностный /беглый/ взгляд - after * reading he... после того, как он бегло прочел /просмотрел/... внешний, кажущийся - * resemblance кажущееся сходство - * reconciliation видимость примирения (геология) наносный, аллювиальный (специальное) двухмерный - * measures меры площади - * foot квадратный фут superficial геол. наносный, аллювиальный ~ поверхностный,неглубокий, внешний;
superficialknowledge поверхностные знания ~ поверхностный,неглубокий, внешний;
superficialknowledge поверхностные знанияБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > superficial
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8 smattering
1. n поверхностное знание2. n небольшая группка, кучкаСинонимический ряд:1. few (noun) few; handful; scattering; smatch; smatter; spatter; spattering; sprinkling2. superficial knowledge (noun) a few facts; glimmer of understanding; scrap; shred; slight knowledge; some half-truths; superficial knowledge3. chatting (verb) babbling; burbling; cackling; chattering; chatting; clacking; clattering; dithering; gabbing; jawing; prating; prattling; rattling; running on; talking; tinkling; twaddling; twiddling; twittering; yakking; yammering -
9 Psychoanalysis
[Psychoanalysis] seeks to prove to the ego that it is not even master in its own house, but must content itself with scanty information of what is going on unconsciously in the mind. (Freud, 1953-1974, Vol. 16, pp. 284-285)Although in the interview the analyst is supposedly a "passive" auditor of the "free association" narration by the subject, in point of fact the analyst does direct the course of the narrative. This by itself does not necessarily impair the evidential worth of the outcome, for even in the most meticulously conducted laboratory experiment the experimenter intervenes to obtain the data he is after. There is nevertheless the difficulty that in the nature of the case the full extent of the analyst's intervention is not a matter that is open to public scrutiny, so that by and large one has only his own testimony as to what transpires in the consulting room. It is perhaps unnecessary to say that this is not a question about the personal integrity of psychoanalytic practitioners. The point is the fundamental one that no matter how firmly we may resolve to make explicit our biases, no human being is aware of all of them, and that objectivity in science is achieved through the criticism of publicly accessible material by a community of independent inquirers.... Moreover, unless data are obtained under carefully standardized circumstances, or under different circumstances whose dependence on known variables is nevertheless established, even an extensive collection of data is an unreliable basis for inference. To be sure, analysts apparently do attempt to institute standard conditions for the conduct of interviews. But there is not much information available on the extent to which the standardization is actually enforced, or whether it relates to more than what may be superficial matters. (E. Nagel, 1959, pp. 49-50)3) No Necessary Incompatibility between Psychoanalysis and Certain Religious Formulationshere would seem to be no necessary incompatibility between psychoanalysis and those religious formulations which locate God within the self. One could, indeed, argue that Freud's Id (and even more Groddeck's It), the impersonal force within which is both the core of oneself and yet not oneself, and from which in illness one become[s] alienated, is a secular formation of the insight which makes religious people believe in an immanent God. (Ryecroft, 1966, p. 22)Freudian analysts emphasized that their theories were constantly verified by their "clinical observations."... It was precisely this fact-that they always fitted, that they were always confirmed-which in the eyes of their admirers constituted the strongest argument in favour of these theories. It began to dawn on me that this apparent strength was in fact their weakness.... It is easy to obtain confirmations or verifications, for nearly every theory-if we look for confirmation. (Popper, 1968, pp. 3435)5) Psychoanalysis Is Not a Science But Rather the Interpretation of a Narrated HistoryPsychoanalysis does not satisfy the standards of the sciences of observation, and the "facts" it deals with are not verifiable by multiple, independent observers.... There are no "facts" nor any observation of "facts" in psychoanalysis but rather the interpretation of a narrated history. (Ricoeur, 1974, p. 186)6) Some of the Qualities of a Scientific Approach Are Possessed by PsychoanalysisIn sum: psychoanalysis is not a science, but it shares some of the qualities associated with a scientific approach-the search for truth, understanding, honesty, openness to the import of the observation and evidence, and a skeptical stance toward authority. (Breger, 1981, p. 50)[Attributes of Psychoanalysis:]1. Psychic Determinism. No item in mental life and in conduct and behavior is "accidental"; it is the outcome of antecedent conditions.2. Much mental activity and behavior is purposive or goal-directed in character.3. Much of mental activity and behavior, and its determinants, is unconscious in character. 4. The early experience of the individual, as a child, is very potent, and tends to be pre-potent over later experience. (Farrell, 1981, p. 25)Our sceptic may be unwise enough... to maintain that, because analytic theory is unscientific on his criterion, it is not worth discussing. This step is unwise, because it presupposes that, if a study is not scientific on his criterion, it is not a rational enterprise... an elementary and egregious mistake. The scientific and the rational are not co-extensive. Scientific work is only one form that rational inquiry can take: there are many others. (Farrell, 1981, p. 46)Psychoanalysts have tended to write as though the term analysis spoke for itself, as if the statement "analysis revealed" or "it was analyzed as" preceding a clinical assertion was sufficient to establish the validity of what was being reported. An outsider might easily get the impression from reading the psychoanalytic literature that some standardized, generally accepted procedure existed for both inference and evidence. Instead, exactly the opposite has been true. Clinical material in the hands of one analyst can lead to totally different "findings" in the hands of another. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 128)The analytic process-the means by which we arrive at psychoanalytic understanding-has been largely neglected and is poorly understood, and there has been comparatively little interest in the issues of inference and evidence. Indeed, psychoanalysts as a group have not recognized the importance of being bound by scientific constraints. They do not seem to understand that a possibility is only that-a possibility-and that innumerable ways may exist to explain the same data. Psychoanalysts all too often do not seem to distinguish hypotheses from facts, nor do they seem to understand that hypotheses must be tested in some way, that criteria for evidence must exist, and that any given test for any hypothesis must allow for the full range of substantiation/refutation. (Peterfreund, 1986, p. 129)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Psychoanalysis
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10 Grammar
I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performancehe implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.Although these implications conflict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar
См. также в других словарях:
superficial — su|per|fi|cial [ˌsu:pəˈfıʃəl US pər ] adj ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 1¦(not looking/studying carefully)¦ 2¦(appearance)¦ 3¦(wound/damage)¦ 4¦(person)¦ 5¦(not important)¦ 6¦(top layer)¦ ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ [Date: 1300 1400; : Late Latin; Origin: superficialis, from Latin… … Dictionary of contemporary English
superficial — [so͞o΄pər fish′əl] adj. [ME superficyall < L superficialis < superficies: see SUPERFICIES] 1. a) of or being on the surface [a superficial burn] b) of or limited to surface area; plane [superficial measurements] 2. concerned with and… … English World dictionary
superficial — late 14c., in anatomical and mathematical uses, of or relating to a surface, from L. superficialis of or pertaining to the surface, from superficies surface, from super above, over (see SUPER (Cf. super )) + facies form, face (see FACE (Cf. face) … Etymology dictionary
superficial — ► ADJECTIVE 1) existing or occurring at or on the surface. 2) apparent rather than actual. 3) not thorough or deep; cursory. 4) lacking depth of character or understanding. DERIVATIVES superficiality noun (pl. superficialities) superfi … English terms dictionary
Superficial charm — For other uses of the word charm see charm. Superficial charm (or glib charm) is the tendency to be smooth, engaging, charming, slick, and verbally facile. [1] The phrase often appears in lists of attributes of psychopathic personalities, such as … Wikipedia
superficial — [[t]su͟ːpə(r)fɪ̱ʃ(ə)l[/t]] 1) ADJ GRADED (disapproval) If you describe someone as superficial, you disapprove of them because they do not think deeply, and have little understanding of anything serious or important. This guy is a superficial… … English dictionary
understanding — noun 1 knowledge of a subject, of how sth works, etc. ADJECTIVE ▪ complete, comprehensive, full ▪ He showed a full understanding of the sequence of events. ▪ growing ▪ accurate … Collocations dictionary
superficial — adj. VERBS ▪ be, seem ▪ remain ADVERB ▪ extremely, fairly, very, etc … Collocations dictionary
superficial — Being on or near the surface; lacking in depth or thoroughness. Shallow; concerned with or understanding only what is apparent or obvious. Apparent rather than actual or substantial. Insignificant; trivial … Glossary of Art Terms
superficial — adjective 1》 existing or occurring at or on the surface. 2》 apparent rather than actual. 3》 not thorough or deep; cursory. ↘lacking depth of character or understanding. 4》 Brit. Building denoting a quantity of a material expressed in terms of … English new terms dictionary
Hegel’s logic and philosophy of mind — Willem deVries LOGIC AND MIND IN HEGEL’S PHILOSOPHY Hegel is above all a systematic philosopher. Awe inspiring in its scope, his philosophy left no subject untouched. Logic provides the central, unifying framework as well as the general… … History of philosophy
